During which stage of thunderstorm development are roll clouds likely to occur?

Roll clouds are typically associated with the mature stage of thunderstorm development. During this stage, the storm reaches its peak intensity, characterized by strong updrafts and downdrafts that create significant turbulence within the cloud structure. This turbulence can lead to the formation of a roll cloud, which is a low, horizontal, tube-like cloud that may develop at the leading edge of the thunderstorm outflow.

In the mature stage, the dynamic interactions of the warm, moist air being lifted and the cooler surrounding air contribute to the formation of various cloud types, including roll clouds. These clouds form as the outflow from the storm pushes forward, creating a distinctive appearance and sometimes indicating a change in weather conditions. Thus, understanding the mature stage as the phase when roll clouds are most likely helps in recognizing and forecasting severe weather associated with thunderstorms.